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Pseudochromis fuscus
== Description ==
Pseudochromis fuscus is a species of saltwater fish in the Dottyback family. Dottybacks are generally very bright in color and relatively small, factors which have made them popular among aquarium enthusiasts. Besides their coloration and size, they are probably best known for their aggressive temperament.〔V. Messmer, G. P. Jones, L. van Herwerden, P. L. Munday, Genetic and ecological characterisation of colour dimorphism in a coral reef fish. Environmental Biology of Fishes 74, 175-183 (2005); published online EpubOct (10.1007/s10641-005-7430-8).〕 While many of the more common dottybacks are in the Pseudochromis genus, there are also species in other genera.〔H. C. Schultz, in Reefkeeping. (2008).〕 Common names for this particular species include the Brown dottyback, the Golden dottyback, and the Musky dottyback.〔J. E. Randall, G. R. Allen, R. C. Steene, in fishbase.org. (University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii, 1990).〕 The common name “Golden dottyback” is shared with another species of dottyback, the Pseudochromis pseudoplesiopinae.〔M. Goren, M. Dor, in Fishbase.org. (The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem, Israel, 1994).〕 The species name, fuscus, means dark or dusky in Latin.〔J. E. Randall, G. R. Allen, R. C. Steene, in fishbase.org. (University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii, 1990).〕
Brown dottybacks grow to a maximum length of about 10 centimeters and they have three dorsal spines, several dorsal soft rays, three anal spines and a few anal soft rays. The spine count is what distinguishes them from their close neighbor, the true basses from the Serrinadae family.〔B. Fenner, in Wet Web Media.〕 Like most dottybacks, they are very long and slender.〔J. E. Randall, G. R. Allen, R. C. Steene, in fishbase.org. (University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii, 1990).〕〔A. Ryanskiy, in diveplanet. (2013).〕 They are also the largest species within the Pseudochromis genus. Brown dottybacks have pear-shaped eyes, not unlike bass, and canine teeth.〔B. Fenner, in Wet Web Media.〕 Color usually ranges from bright yellow to dark brown, but orange, pink, and gray fish of this species have been found as well.〔A. Ryanskiy, in diveplanet. (2013).〕〔V. Messmer, L. van Herwerden, P. L. Munday, G. P. Jones, Phylogeography of colour polymorphism in the coral reef fish Pseudochromis fuscus, from Papua New Guinea and the Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 24, 392-402 (2005); published online EpubNov (10.1007/s00338-005-0001-9).〕 Blue spots can often be seen on the nape and the anterior part of the body.〔E. E. Capuli, R. R. Valdestamon, in Discover Life (2012).〕 Studies have shown that the color differences in wild Brown dottybacks are not due to genetic changes. In fact, individuals seem to be able to change their color, though the factors causing color changes are undetermined. Interestingly, the shade of yellow or brown that a dottyback displays seems to correlate with the shade of prey that a dottyback targets. For example, Brown dottybacks with a bright yellow coloration are more likely to be found near prey with a bright yellow coloration.〔V. Messmer, G. P. Jones, L. van Herwerden, P. L. Munday, Genetic and ecological characterisation of colour dimorphism in a coral reef fish. Environmental Biology of Fishes 74, 175-183 (2005); published online EpubOct (10.1007/s10641-005-7430-8).〕〔P. L. Munday, P. J. Eyre, G. P. Jones, Ecological mechanisms for coexistence of colour polymorphism in a coral-reef fish: an experimental evaluation. Oecologia 137, 519-526 (2003); published online EpubDec (10.1007/s00442-003-1356-7).〕 Brighter Brown dottybacks are also more likely to be found in deeper areas, while their browner cousins are more likely to be found in shallower areas.〔P. L. Munday, P. J. Eyre, G. P. Jones, Ecological mechanisms for coexistence of colour polymorphism in a coral-reef fish: an experimental evaluation. Oecologia 137, 519-526 (2003); published online EpubDec (10.1007/s00442-003-1356-7).〕
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